BEYOND DIVINE JUSTIFICATIONS: A NATURALISTIC EXPLORATION OF THE PROBLEM OF EVIL

Abstract

The problem of evil has long been a central concern in philosophy and theology, traditionally addressed through theodicy, which seeks to justify the existence of evil in a world created by an omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent God. Classical theodicies often posit that evil serves a greater purpose within a divinely orchestrated plan. However, in the absence of a deity, how can we understand the nature of evil, the reality of suffering, and the foundation of morality? This paper examines the problem of evil from a naturalistic perspective, critiquing theistic justifications, exploring secular explanations for suffering, and advocating for human-centered solutions. Employing a descriptive methodology, the study draws on insights from ethics, evolutionary biology, psychology, and social theory to propose that evil and suffering may arise naturally from human agency, cognitive limitations, and the inherent complexities of social interactions. By reframing the problem of evil through a naturalistic lens, this study argues that such an approach can inspire more effective moral responses grounded in empathy, collective action, and social justice, rather than relying on theological frameworks. In challenging divine justifications, it highlights the potential of human-centered ethics to address the existential and moral challenges posed by evil in the world. Nevertheless, this naturalistic perspective is not without its limitations. Recognizing the intricate social and psychological dimensions of suffering, the study advocates for an interdisciplinary approach that integrates scientific, philosophical, and spiritual insights to develop a more comprehensive understanding of evil and its implications.